一般来讲 ,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致,如:Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时 ,则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来,如:George yawning,the conversation dropped.这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构 。
但有时我们遇到这种情况:分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词本身又非独立主格结构 ,如:
Going up the hill,the statue of Lincoln struck my eye.在登上山的当儿,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。
Tired but happy ,the bus whisked us home.我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家。
这种分词在语法上被称作垂悬分词(dangling participle) ,也叫无依着分词 。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系 ,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(misrelated participle)。
垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系 ,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词别名为:独立分词(absolute participle)或孤立分词(isolated participle)。
垂悬分词多数为现在分词,少数为过去分词 。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类 、归纳和总结。
1.当分词主语是不定人称时,如:
When dining in the restaurant ,a jacket and tie are required.
2.当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时,如:
Being Christmas,the government offices were closed.
3.当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时 ,如:
The siren sounded,indicating that the air-raid was over.
Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary.
4.在正式科技文章中 ,分词前常常带有连词,其主语通常与I,we ,you等同,如:
When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.
When treating patients with language retardation and deviation of language development ,the therapy consists,in part,of discus- sions of the patients'problems with patients and teachers,with subsequent language teaching carried out by them.
5.垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语(style disjunct) ,表明说话人对所说的话的方式 、条件以及说话人的态度或看法,这种用法可细分为以下几种情况:
a.说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talking of ,getting back to,coming to等,意思为“谈到…… ,关于……,回到…… ”等,请看例句:
Getting back to our story ,the princess was killed.
Coming to this question,I say no.
b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,如:
putting it mildly ,frankly speaking,generally speaking,roughly speaking,broadly speaking ,biologically speaking等,请看例句:
Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience.
Generally speaking ,dogs are more faithful to men than cats.
c.有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judging from,according to ,considering,viewing it from,seeing ,例如:
Judging from his expression,he is in a bad mood.
According to Barthes,the author had died.
Considering the low price ,the car is worth buying.
d.有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that),provided(that),supposing ,given,意思为“if或with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如:
Provided that a film entertains ,few people care about its other merits.
Given prudence and patience,anybody can achieve something.
Supposing this to be true,he is certainly the murderer.
e.表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有:admitting that ,allowed that,allowing for,considering(that) ,assuming that,seeing that,granting that ,granted that,notwithstanding,请看例句:
Allowing for(=Considering)the deficiencies,the show is a success.
Granted(=Granting)that you are right ,you should not get angry.
Admitting(=Assuming =Allowing)that he is drunk,that is no excuse.
f.有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况,如:barring ,bating,excepting,excepted ,saving that,意思为“除了…… ”;including,counting ,setting aside,leaving...to one side,意思为“包括;除了……还有……”等 ,请看例句:
Barring(=bating)this point,I agree with you.
There are fifteen students countingme.
Setting aside the question of capital,this business has many other problems.
以上列举的垂悬分词,我们可以得到一个总体印象:垂悬分词虽然在产生之初为错误联系使用所致 ,但一旦被言语社团成员所接受,便成为正确英语;由于其产生的特殊性,及其使用场合的有限性 ,垂悬分词与一般分词相比灵活程度差一些,也就是说,垂悬分词的表达及用途相对固定 。甚至于有些垂悬分词词组已被很多词典编撰者当作固定词组来看待 ,如上文中的generally speaking,frankly speaking,judging from ,com ing to details等。
另外,从词性角度来看,有些垂悬分词已不再被看作是分词 ,失去了动词的本性,已演变成介词或连词。被当作介词看待的垂悬分词有:considering,counting,including ,barring,bating,excepting ,excepted,concerning,regarding ,respecting,touching,wanting ,failing,pending,saving等等 ,例如:
Considering its cost,this machine is not worth buying.
He asked me questions concerning my health.
Pending a report from Rancy,we'll pro- ceed as planned.
I know nothing respecting that girl.
已变成连词的垂悬分词有:providing(that),provided(that) ,saving,notwithstanding,seeing ,considering,granting,granted ,adm itting,assum ing,allowing ,supposing等等 。例句:
He was prudent notwithstanding that he was young.
Granting that he has made a mistake,he is not to blame.
总之,垂悬分词与一般分词不一样 ,是一种超常规的语言现象,但其用途与形式相对固定,应引起我们足够的重视。正因为垂悬分词的使用场合及数量相对有限,英语学习者一方面要学会理解并掌握这一超常语言现象 ,另一方面切记不要将其它一般分词(遵循主谓一致原则)模仿垂悬分词使用,因为毕竟垂悬分词的产生源于错误联系,违反了主谓一致原则。
1. /tU:/:two (二) —— too (也;太) —— to (到……)
2. /baI/:buy (买) —— bye (再见) —— by (被;由)
3. /red/:red (红色的) —— read (读 ,read 的过去式或过去分词)
4. /si:n/:scene (景象) —— seen (看见,see 的过去分词)
5. /fC:/:for (为……) —— four (四)
6. /5fB:T[/:father (父亲) —— farther (较远,far 的比较级)
7. /hI[/:hear (听见) —— here (这里)
8. /Te[/:their (他/ 她/ 它们的) —— there (那里)
9. /he[/:hair (头发) —— hare (野兔)
10. /dI[/:dear (亲爱的;贵的) —— deer (鹿)
11. /meI/:may (可以) —— May (五月)
12. /si:/: sea (海) ——see (看见)
13. /sQn/:son (儿子) —— sun (太阳)
14. /mi:t/:meat (肉) —— meet (遇见)
15. /raIt/:write (写) —— right (对的;右边的)
16. /wi:k/:week (星期) —— weak (弱的)
17. /B:nt/:aunt (姑;姨;婶) —— aren' t (不是)
18. /5aU[/:our (我们的) —— hour (小时)
19. /5weT[/:weather (天气) —— whether (是否)
20. /aI/:eye (眼睛) —— I (我)
21. /n[Uz/:nose (鼻子) —— knows (知道 ,know 的第三人称单数形式)
22. /bi:/:be (是) —— bee (蜜蜂)
23. /weI/:way (路) —— weigh (重)
24. /wQn/:one (一) —— won (赢,win 的过去式或过去分词)
25. /n[U/:no (不;没有) —— know (知道)
26. /wC:n/:warn (警告) —— worn (穿;戴,wear 的过去分词)
27. /njU:/: new (新的) —— knew (知道 ,know 的过去式)
28. /WrU:/:through (通过) —— threw (扔,throw 的过去式)
29. /pB:st/:past (过;经过) —— passed (经过,pass 的过去式或过去分词)
30. /pe[/:pear (梨) —— pair (一对;一双)
31. /we[/:where (在哪里) —— wear (穿;戴)
32. /hU:z/:whose (谁的) —— who' s (是谁 ,= who is)
33. /haI/:hi (嗨;喂) —— high (高的/f地)
34. /blU:/:blue (蓝色的) —— blew (吹,blow 的过去式)
35. /r[Ud/:road (路) —— rode (骑,ride 的过去式)
36. /wUd/:would (将;会,will 的过去式)
37. /h[Ul/:whole (整个的) —— hole (洞;孔;坑)
38. /mIs/:Miss (**) —— miss (想念;错过)
39. /5tFaIn[/:China (中国) —— china (瓷器)
40. /gri:n/:green (绿色的) —— Green (格林)
英语同音异义词的总结
英语的词汇比汉语大得多 ,而英语中的同音词要比汉语少得多,这是一个值得研究的课题 。本文想仅就造成同音词的原因做一下抛砖引玉式的分析,以期引起人们对这一“被遗忘的角落”的关注。
一、专有名词与普通单词发音相同。
这些专有名词在汉语中有相应的音译词语 ,已经为国人所熟悉,学起来读易好记,轻松有趣 。写在横线前面的系专有名词 ,后面的为普通单词。
Korea—career, Gaul(高卢人)—gall, Chile—chilli—chili–chilly, Greece—grease, Dane—deign, Finnish—finish, Bonn—bonne, Bern—burn, Cannes—can, Nice—niece, Seoul—soul—sole, Rome—roam, Bali—barley, Wales—whales—wails, Gana—garner, Kashmir—cashmere, Latin—lattin, Hyde—hide—hied, Maine—main—mane, Venus—venous, Klan—clan, Martin—marten, Oder—oder, Seine—sane—sain, Kant—cant
二、缩略词与普通名词发音相同。
I’d—eyed, I’ll—isle—aisle, aren’t—ant—aunt, he’ll—heel—heal, we’ll—wheel—wheal—weal, we’re—weir, we’d—weed, where’s—wares, he’d—heed, Miss.—miss, AIDS—aids
三、名词的复数形式或动词的单数第三人称与普通单词发音相同。
Locks—lox, laps—lapse, nays—neighs—naze, haves—hose, ewes—use, brows—browse, corps—cause, cocks—cox, days—daze, claws—clause, flecks, mews—muse, paws—pause, rays—raise—rase –raze, rows—rouse, tacks—tax, ova—over, feet—feat, wacks—wax, arms—alms
四 、动词的过去式或过去分词与普通单词发音相同 。
这些动词的过去式有:
Blew—blue, flew—flu, gilt—guilt, knew—new, saw—sore—soar, threw—through, wore—war, wrote—rote, rode—road, were—whir.
这些动词的过去分词有:
Seen—scene, grown—groan, done—dun, thrown—throne, been—bean, born—borne—bourn, sought—sort, caught—court, taught—taut, heard—herd, won—one, sent—cent—scent, led—lead, fought—fort—forte.
五、前缀与普通单词发音相同。
Anti—vs. ante, bi—vs. by—bye—buy, vice—vs. vise
六、因相邻字母重复与其它单词发音相同。
有些是因为词尾的两个字母重复造成的同音词,如
add—ad, butt—but, bee—be, boss—bos, canvass—canvas, inn—in, nill—nil, wee—we, too—to, frizz—friz, redd—red, mandrill—mandril
有些是因为单词中间的两个字母重复造成的同音词,如
dessert—desert, cannon—canon, femme—feme
七 、 “ r ” 音节造成的同音词 。
重读“ r ” 音节造成的同音词。
Birth—berth, curn—kern—kirn, curb—kerb, firn—fern, surf—serf, surge—serge, mar—ma, spar—spa, farther—father, hart—heart, worn—warn, forth—fourth, for—fore—four—faugh .
非重读“ r ” 音节造成的同音词。
alter—altar, seller—cellar, lumber—lumbar, manor—manner, razor—razer, minor--miner, prior—prier, sensor--censor , fakir—faker, sucker—succor, rumor—roomer, hanger—hangar, calendar—calender , trooper--trouper, meter—meter , steeler—stealer, waver—waiver,
leaver—lever, weever—weaver.
八、因不同的字母组合发音相同而构成的同音词 。
1.当字母组合—ea—, —ee—, —ie—读作[ i :]时:
beat—beet, beach—beech, cheap—cheep, lea—lee, creak—creek, leak—leek, leach—leech, pea—pee, peal—peel, seam—seem, meat—meet—mete, breach—breech, steal—steel, team—teem, flea—flee, weak—week, sea—see, seal—seel—ceil, weald—wield, leaf—lief, lean—lien, mean—mien
2。当字母组合—a—, —ai—, —ay—, —ea—读作[ei]:
steak—stake, gate—gait, plait—plate, break—brake,, faint—feint
3.当母组合—ear—, —eer— , —ere—, —ier—读作[ i ] 时:
sheer—shear, steer—stere, tear—tier, dear—deer, peer—pier, beer—bier, hear—here
4.当字母组合—air—, —ear—, —ere—读作 [ ε ]
pear—pair—pare—pere, tear—tare, fair—fare, mare—mayor, hair—hare, glair—glare, flair—flare
5.当字母组合 —ou—,—ow—读作 [au]
foul—fowl, praw—prau, flour—flower
6.当字母组合—al—, —au—, —aw—, —or—, —oor—读作 [ :] 时:
all—awl, ball—bowl, hall—hawl , mall—maul, flaw—floor, chaw—chore, paw—pore—pour, lawn—lorn, laud—lord, pawn—porn, raw—roar, stalk—stolk
7.当字母组合o—, —oa—, —ow— 读作 [ ou ] 时:
melo—mellow, lo—low, hollo—hollow, loan—lone, flow—floe, so—sow—sew, brooch--broach
8.当字母组合—ou—, --oo--, --u-- 读作[ u: ] 时:
stoop—stoup—stoep, goop—goup, groom—grume
9.当字母组合 —al— 、—el— 在词尾读作[ l]
principle—principal, dial—diel, bridal—bridle, naval—navel, dual—duel, mutual—mutuel
10.当字母组合—o—, —u—读作[ ∧ ]时:
son—sun, some—sum, sonny—sunny, none—nun
11.当词尾的—y—和—ie— 发[ i ] 时:
talky—talkie, girly—girlie, roomy—roomie,
12.当 ‘y’ 和 ‘i’ 在相对应的位置上时:
hyp—hip, gybe—gibe,
13.当字母组合 —ay—, —ey—都发[ei ]时 ,如:
pray—prey
14.当字母‘c’ 在 ‘i, e, y’ 前读 [ s ] , 或 ‘c’ 在其他情况下读 [k ] 时:
ascent—assent, cereal—serial, practice--practise
字母‘c’读[k ]时更多些:
pic—pick, sic—sick, bloc—block, spec—speck, specs—specks, bank—banc, torc—talk, yack—yak, scag—skag, scull—skull, cash—cashe, cast—karst, cart—kart, craft—kraft, colonel—kernel
15. —a—, —ar—, —er— 在词尾发[ ]音时:
canna—canner, quota—quoter, tabula—tabular
九 、因不发音的字母或字母组合造成的同音词。
1. “a”在词尾不发音:
cocoa—coco
2. b ” 在以“—mb” 结尾的词中不发音
climb—clime, lamb—lam, plumb—plum, jamb—jam, coomb—coom, subtle--suttle
3. “ c” 不发音:
schort—short, schorl--shawl
4. “ d ” 不发音:
handsome--hansom
5.“e” “ a”在词尾不发音:
ore—or—oar—awe, grate—great, brake—break, parol—parole, griff—griffe, prose—pro, dyeing—dying, sale—sail, pale—pail, male—mail, lute—loot, pane—pain, base—bass
6.“n ” 前的“g”常常为无声字母:
reign—rein, gnaw—nor, sign—sine, feign—fain—fane, gneiss—nice
7.不发音的“h” 常常在 “w ”, “ t”, “c”, “a”, “g ”之后
while—wile, when—wen, whack—wack, whale—wale—wail, whit—wit, whet—wet, whiz—wiz, wheal—weal--wheel, thyme—time, chord—cord, choral—coral, minah—miner—minor, donah—dona, ghyll—gill
8.“k”在“ n”前常常不发音:
knot—not, know—no, knit—nit, knight—night—nite, knap—nap, knob--nob, knock—nock, knobble—nobble, knay—nay, knave—nave
9.无声字母 “l ” 多在 “n”, “m”前:
halm—harm, holm—home, balm—barm,yolk—yoke
10.以字母组合mn结尾的单词“n ” 不发音时造成的同音词:
damn—dam, hymn—him, limn—limb
11.声字母“p”
corps—core—cow, psych—sike
12.无声字母 “r”
iron—ion
13.无声字母 “s ”
islet—eyelet, hors—hoar
14.“t” 在“ch” 前或在词尾不发音时造成的同音词:
retch—reach, letch—lech, witch—which, batch—bach, tchick—chick, trait—tray, mot—mo—mow
15.“w ”在 “r” , “h”前不发音:
write—wright—rite—right, wring—ring, wrick—rick, wrest—rest, wrap—rap, wrack—rack, wreck—reck—rec, wretch—retch, whole—hole, whoop—hoop, wholly—holy
16.“u” 在“ b ”, “g”后不发音
buy—by—bye, buoy—boy, buyer—byre, guilt—gilt, guild—gild, guerilla—gorilla, guelder—gelder
17. “q” 后面的 “ue’ 不发音
clique—cleek, casque—cask, masque –mask, coque—cock, pique—peak—peek—peke
18.字母组合“gh ”不发音
eight—ate, might—mite, sight—site—cite, sought—sort, straight—strait,bought—bort, slight—sleight, through—threw, bough—bow, sleigh—slay, weigh—way—whey, aweigh—away, high—hi—hie, weight—wait
十、英语单词与外来词同音
在快速走向国际化的进程中,英语对其他民族的语言慷慨“拿来” 。有些外来词恰好与某个英语词汇发音相同。
1.诺曼底人统治英伦长达百年,不少法语单词直接参与了英语的交流。每组词汇中前为法语:
franc—franck, clou—clew—clue, grippe—grip, parti—party, petit—petty, aide—aid, salle—sal, eau—owe, timbre—timber, revue—review, remarque—remark, revers—revere
2. 二战后 ,美国在经济、军事上“高悬霸主鞭”,作为“上层建筑 ”的语言文化美语呈现出后来居上 、咄咄逼人的态势 。(前为美语)
Baron—barren, gene—gin, kook—cook, doc—dock, pokey—poky, check—cheque
3. 印度曾为英国的殖民地,印度英语是印度化了的英语(前为印度式英语)。
outcaste—outcast, ryot—riot, dak—dark, lakh—lark
1.德语和英语同属印欧语系的西日耳曼语支,同音词的队伍中偶尔可见德语的身影: Heir—hare—hair, Lied--lead
通过对英语单词成因的分析 ,我们会从崭新的方面增加对语音学的了解,有些字母组合的发音是相同的,有些字母又往往是不发音的 ,一种发音有时对应多个单词,这样,你听英语时就该特别注意了;同音单词一起记 ,会提高你记忆的兴趣,减轻你的心理压力;同音法和谐音法又往往是 幽默小品、诗文歌曲的创作手段,为我们走向英语道路夯实基础。
转载自:《英语周报》
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本文概览:一般来讲,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致,如:Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.其中opening...
文章不错《悬垂结构的应用》内容很有帮助